📘 5.3 Perception: Biological Bases, Organisation, Experience, and Defence (अनुभूति: जैविक आधार, संगठन, अनुभव और रक्षा तंत्र) 🔍 What is Perception? Perception is the process of organising and interpreting sensory information to give...

  📘 5.2 Attention: Set and Characteristics of Stimulus (ध्यान: मानसिक तैयारी और उद्दीपन की विशेषताएँ) 🧠 What is Attention? Attention is the cognitive process of selectively focusing on one aspect of the environment...

  📘 5.1 Sensation: Thresholds, Signal Detection, and Vigilance (संवेदन: थ्रेशोल्ड, सिग्नल-डिटेक्शन और सतर्कता) 🔍 What is Sensation? Sensation is the process by which sensory receptors and the nervous system receive and represent stimulus...

  📘 4.4 Life Span Development: Characteristics, Developmental Tasks, and Promoting Psychological Well-Being 🧠 What is Life Span Development? Life Span Development refers to the continuous, lifelong process of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social...

  📘 4.3 Influence of Cultural Factors in Socialisation (संस्कृति और सामाजिकरण पर प्रभाव) 🧠 What is Socialisation? Socialisation is the process through which an individual learns the norms, values, beliefs, customs, and social...

  📘 4.2 Role of Genetics and Environment in Determining Human Behaviour (मानव व्यवहार में आनुवंशिकता और पर्यावरण की भूमिका) Human behaviour is the result of a complex interplay between two forces: 🧬 Genetics...

  📘 4.1 Growth and Development (विकास एवं वृद्धि) 🧠 Definition Though often used interchangeably, Growth and Development are distinct psychological concepts: Term Definition Growth Quantitative changes (like height, weight, brain size) – physical...

  📘 3.5 Statistical Techniques in Psychology (मनोविज्ञान में सांख्यिकीय तकनीकें) Statistical techniques are vital in psychology to: Analyze data Test hypotheses Understand relationships between variables Draw meaningful conclusions These tools help psychologists objectively...

  📘 3.4 Research Designs: Ex-post facto and Experimental (अनुत्पादक एवं प्रायोगिक अनुसंधान रूपरेखाएँ) 🧠 What is a Research Design? A research design is the blueprint or framework for conducting a study. It outlines:...

  📘 3.3 Methods of Data Collection (डेटा संग्रहण की विधियाँ) Collecting data is a crucial step in psychological research, as it provides the raw material for understanding and analyzing human behaviour. The choice...

  📘 3.2 Fundamental vs. Applied Research (मौलिक बनाम अनुप्रयुक्त अनुसंधान) 🧠 Introduction Psychological research can be broadly categorized into two types based on its purpose and goal: Fundamental (or Basic) Research: Focuses on...

  📘 3.1 Steps in Psychological Research (मनोवैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान के प्रमुख चरण) Research in psychology is a systematic, step-by-step process designed to understand, explain, and sometimes predict human behavior. Each step is interlinked and...

  👁️ 2.4 Sensation, Attention and Perception (संवेदना, ध्यान और बोध) Paper 1 – Foundations of Psychology 🧠 Overview This topic explores how we detect, focus on, and interpret sensory information from the environment....

  👶 2.3 Development of Human Behaviour (मानव व्यवहार का विकास) 🧠 Introduction Human development refers to the systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death — including physical,...

  📊 2.2 Research Methods (अनुसंधान पद्धतियाँ) 🧠 Introduction Psychological research is the scientific and systematic investigation of human behaviour and mental processes. It helps in formulating theories, improving interventions, and guiding policy decisions....

  🧪 2.1 Methods of Psychology (मनोविज्ञान की विधियाँ) From Paper 1 – Foundations of Psychology 🧠 Introduction Psychology, as a scientific discipline, relies on systematic methods to understand human behaviour and mental processes....

  🌍 1.5 Application of Psychology to Societal Problems (सामाजिक समस्याओं में मनोविज्ञान का अनुप्रयोग) 🧠 Introduction Psychology doesn’t just stay in textbooks or clinics — it’s a powerful tool to understand, prevent, and...

  🔗 1.4 Psychology in Relation to Other Social and Natural Sciences (अन्य सामाजिक और प्राकृतिक विज्ञानों से मनोविज्ञान का संबंध) 🧠 Overview Psychology is often called a bridge discipline because it overlaps with...

🧪 1.3 Psychology and Scientific Methods (मनःविज्ञान और वैज्ञानिक पद्धति) 📌 What is the Scientific Method? The scientific method is a systematic, objective, and replicable approach to acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and logical...

  🕰️ 1.2 Historical Antecedents of Psychology and Trends in the 21st Century 🔙 Historical Antecedents of Psychology Psychology emerged as a distinct scientific discipline in the late 19th century, but its roots go...

  🧠 1.1 Definition of Psychology (मनःविज्ञान की परिभाषा) 🔍 Meaning of Psychology The word “Psychology” is derived from two Greek words: ‘Psyche’ meaning soul or mind ‘Logos’ meaning study or discourse So, Psychology...

🧠 UPSC Psychology Optional Syllabus 2025 📘 Paper 1: Foundations of Psychology 1. Introduction 1.1 Definition of Psychology 1.2 Historical antecedents and trends in the 21st century 1.3 Psychology and scientific methods 1.4 Relation...