🟠 Topic 90: Cooperatives & FPOs – Role & Challenges 📌 Introduction Cooperatives and Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) play a critical role in rural development, agricultural growth, and economic empowerment of farmers. These...

🟠 Topic 89: Rural Infrastructure & Development – PMGSY, NRLM 📌 Introduction Rural infrastructure development is a cornerstone of India’s development strategy, aiming to enhance connectivity, livelihoods, and access to basic services. Well-developed roads,...

  🟠 Topic 88: MGNREGA – Achievements & Challenges 📌 Introduction The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), enacted in 2005, is one of the world’s largest public employment programmes. It guarantees...

  🟠 Topic 87: Poverty Alleviation Programmes – Past & Present 📌 Introduction Poverty alleviation has been at the core of India’s development agenda since Independence. Despite high economic growth in recent decades, poverty...

  🟠 Topic 86: Social Security Schemes – EPFO, ESIC, PM-SYM 📌 Introduction Social security is a critical component of welfare governance, aimed at ensuring income protection, health security, and retirement benefits to workers,...

Excellent! Let’s proceed with Topic 85: Skill Development & Employment Generation. Below is the 1000+ words explanation, followed by 5 fully structured Practice MCQs (including 2 and 4 statement-based), with WordPress 2️⃣ DDU-GKY primarily...

  🟠 Topic 84: Education & Health Sector – Policies & Challenges 📌 Introduction A strong education and health sector is the foundation for sustainable economic growth, human capital formation, and social development. Investment...

  🟠 Topic 83: Gender Budgeting & Women Empowerment 📌 Introduction Gender Budgeting is a governance tool that integrates a gender perspective into the budgeting process, ensuring that policies, programs, and public expenditures actively...

  🟠 Topic 82: Financial Inclusion – Jan Dhan, MUDRA, SHGs 📌 Introduction Financial inclusion refers to the delivery of affordable financial services – such as banking, credit, insurance, and pensions – to all...

  🟠 Topic 81: Inclusive Growth – Meaning & Importance 📌 Introduction Inclusive Growth is a development approach that aims at ensuring economic growth benefits all sections of society, particularly the marginalised and disadvantaged...

  🟠 Topic 80: Circular Economy & Sustainable Practices 📌 Introduction In a linear economy, the production system follows a take-make-dispose model — resources are extracted, products are made, used, and discarded as waste....

  🟠 Topic 79: Green GDP & Ecological Footprint 📌 Introduction Traditional economic measures like Gross Domestic Product (GDP) focus solely on economic output without accounting for environmental degradation, resource depletion, or ecological costs....

  🟠 Topic 78: Carbon Markets & Carbon Tax 📌 Introduction Carbon pricing mechanisms like Carbon Markets and Carbon Tax are essential economic tools to combat climate change by putting a price on carbon...

  🟠 Topic 77: Climate Change & Global Initiatives (Paris Agreement, COP Summits) 📌 Introduction Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, mainly caused by human activities such as burning...

  🟠 Topic 76: Environmental Economics – Key Concepts 📌 Introduction Environmental Economics deals with the study of how economic activities affect the environment and how environmental policies can be designed to address pollution,...

  🟠 Topic 75: Labour Reforms & Codes 📌 Introduction Labour laws in India historically evolved to protect workers’ rights, ensure fair wages, and promote industrial harmony. However, the existing framework became complex, fragmented,...

  🟠 Topic 74: Ease of Doing Business – India’s Ranking & Reforms 📌 Introduction Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) refers to the regulatory and institutional framework that makes it easier for businesses to...

  🟠 Topic 73: Disinvestment Policy – Methods & Challenges 📌 Introduction Disinvestment refers to the process of the government selling its equity stake in public sector undertakings (PSUs) to private investors, institutions, or...

  🟠 Topic 72: New Industrial Policy 1991 📌 Introduction The New Industrial Policy (NIP) of 1991 was a landmark shift in India’s economic and industrial strategy, marking a decisive departure from state control...

  🟠 Topic 71: LPG Reforms – Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation 📖 Explanation (1000+ Words) 📌 Introduction The LPG Reforms — Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation — mark the watershed moment in India’s economic history. Triggered...

  🟠 Topic 70: Currency Depreciation, Devaluation, and Appreciation 📌 Introduction The value of a currency plays a pivotal role in shaping a country’s economic competitiveness, trade balance, inflation levels, and foreign investment flows....

  🟠 Topic 69: Forex Reserves & Trends 📌 Introduction Forex Reserves are a vital economic indicator, reflecting the external financial strength of a nation. These reserves act as a buffer against external shocks,...

  🟠 Topic 68: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) & Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) – Trends & Policies 📌 Introduction Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) are two key sources of external...

  🟠 Topic 67: Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) 📌 Introduction Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are vital instruments of economic diplomacy used by countries to enhance...

  🟠 Topic 66: WTO & India’s Trade Policy 📌 Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the global body that governs international trade rules, ensuring free, fair, and predictable trade flows between nations....