🟠 Topic 17: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 📌 Introduction The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call to action adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015 to end poverty, protect...

  🟠 Topic 16: Economic Growth vs Economic Development 📌 Introduction Economic progress is the primary objective of every nation, but it’s essential to distinguish between Economic Growth and Economic Development. These terms, often...

🟠 Topic 15: Demographic Dividend & Population Issues 📌 Introduction India’s demographic dividend has often been highlighted as one of its greatest opportunities — a large working-age population that can drive economic growth. However,...

🟠 Topic 14: Economic Survey & Union Budget – Importance and Trends 🔹 Introduction The Economic Survey and the Union Budget are two crucial documents that reflect the state of the Indian economy and...

  🟠 Topic 13: Role of NITI Aayog 📌 Introduction NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was established in January 2015, replacing the Planning Commission. It marked a paradigm shift in India’s approach...

  🟠 Topic 12: Economic Planning in India – Five-Year Plans 📌 Introduction Economic planning refers to deliberate governmental efforts to influence, direct, and regulate the economy to achieve specific development objectives. For India,...

  🟠 Topic 11: Evolution of Indian Economy – Pre & Post Independence 📌 Introduction The evolution of the Indian economy spans centuries, from a prosperous ancient economy to a colonial-dependent economy, and finally...

  🟠 Topic 10: Economic Systems – Capitalist, Socialist, Mixed Economy 📖 Explanation (1000+ Words) 📌 Introduction An economic system defines how a country organizes its production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services....

  🟠 Topic 9: Opportunity Cost and Trade-offs 📖 Explanation (1000+ Words) 📌 Introduction Every economic decision involves a choice. When you choose one option, you inevitably give up the opportunity to pursue the...

  🟠 Topic 8: Factors of Production – Land, Labour, Capital, Enterprise 📖 Explanation (1000+ Words) 📌 Introduction The Factors of Production are the basic building blocks of economic activity. All goods and services...

  🟠 Topic 7: Circular Flow of Income 📌 Introduction The Circular Flow of Income is a fundamental economic model that explains how money, goods, and services flow between different sectors of the economy....

  🟠 Topic 6: Sectors of the Economy – Primary, Secondary, Tertiary 📌 Introduction The economic structure of a country can be understood by classifying its economy into three broad sectors — Primary, Secondary,...

🟠 Topic 5: Methods of Calculating National Income  📌 Introduction National Income represents the total monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country within a specific period (usually a year). Measuring...

🟠 Topic 4: National Income – GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP 📌 Introduction National income is one of the most fundamental concepts in macroeconomics. It represents the aggregate monetary value of all goods and services...

🟠 Topic 3: Elasticity of Demand and Supply 📖 Explanation (1000+ Words) 📌 Introduction One of the most important concepts in microeconomics is elasticity, which measures how responsive demand or supply is to changes...

🟠 Topic 2: Demand and Supply – Market Equilibrium 📖 Introduction (1000+ Words) Demand and supply form the foundation of market economics. They determine prices, production levels, and consumer choices, shaping economic activity at...

🟠 Topic 1: Introduction to Economics – Micro and Macro 📖 Explanation Economics, as a subject, studies how individuals, societies, and governments allocate scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It involves understanding production, distribution,...

  Indian Financial System and Financial Inclusion What is the Financial System? The financial system refers to the network of institutions, instruments, markets, and regulations that facilitate the flow of funds between savers, investors,...

  Poverty, Inequality and Unemployment Poverty Poverty refers to a state where individuals lack sufficient income to meet basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and education. It is a multi-dimensional problem in...

  Sustainable Development and Climate Change Policies What is Sustainable Development? Sustainable development refers to economic growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their...

  Inclusive Growth and Social Sector Initiatives What is Inclusive Growth? Inclusive growth refers to economic growth that benefits all sections of society, especially the marginalised, poor, and disadvantaged groups. It ensures that economic...

  Infrastructure and Investment Models What is Infrastructure? Infrastructure refers to the basic physical and organisational structures necessary for an economy to function efficiently. It acts as the backbone of economic development by facilitating...

  Public Sector Enterprises and Disinvestment Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs) Public Sector Enterprises are companies owned fully or partially by the government. They play a critical role in India’s economic development, especially in strategic...