🟠 Topic 81: Inclusive Growth – Meaning & Importance 📌 Introduction Inclusive Growth is a development approach that aims at ensuring economic growth benefits all sections of society, particularly the marginalised and disadvantaged...

  🟠 Topic 80: Circular Economy & Sustainable Practices 📌 Introduction In a linear economy, the production system follows a take-make-dispose model — resources are extracted, products are made, used, and discarded as waste....

  🟠 Topic 79: Green GDP & Ecological Footprint 📌 Introduction Traditional economic measures like Gross Domestic Product (GDP) focus solely on economic output without accounting for environmental degradation, resource depletion, or ecological costs....

  🟠 Topic 78: Carbon Markets & Carbon Tax 📌 Introduction Carbon pricing mechanisms like Carbon Markets and Carbon Tax are essential economic tools to combat climate change by putting a price on carbon...

  🟠 Topic 77: Climate Change & Global Initiatives (Paris Agreement, COP Summits) 📌 Introduction Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, mainly caused by human activities such as burning...

  🟠 Topic 76: Environmental Economics – Key Concepts 📌 Introduction Environmental Economics deals with the study of how economic activities affect the environment and how environmental policies can be designed to address pollution,...

  🟠 Topic 75: Labour Reforms & Codes 📌 Introduction Labour laws in India historically evolved to protect workers’ rights, ensure fair wages, and promote industrial harmony. However, the existing framework became complex, fragmented,...

  🟠 Topic 74: Ease of Doing Business – India’s Ranking & Reforms 📌 Introduction Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) refers to the regulatory and institutional framework that makes it easier for businesses to...

  🟠 Topic 73: Disinvestment Policy – Methods & Challenges 📌 Introduction Disinvestment refers to the process of the government selling its equity stake in public sector undertakings (PSUs) to private investors, institutions, or...

  🟠 Topic 72: New Industrial Policy 1991 📌 Introduction The New Industrial Policy (NIP) of 1991 was a landmark shift in India’s economic and industrial strategy, marking a decisive departure from state control...