📘 14.6 Simulation Studies 🧠 What Are Simulation Studies? Simulation studies involve the use of controlled, often computer-based environments to replicate real-life situations in order to study psychological processes like perception, attention, decision-making,...

  📘 14.5 Extrasensory & Intersensory Perception This topic deals with non-traditional and expanded understandings of perception, exploring phenomena that go beyond or across the five classical senses. Though often debated, these areas are...

  📘 14.4 Hypnotic and Drug-Induced States These states are altered states of consciousness (ASC) that differ significantly from ordinary waking consciousness. They involve changes in perception, attention, emotion, and awareness — often induced...

  📘 14.3 Consciousness Studies: Sleep, Dreams, Deprivation, Meditation Consciousness refers to our awareness of ourselves and our environment. It includes all aspects of waking experience as well as altered states such as dreaming,...

  📘 14.2 Artificial Intelligence & Psychocybernetics 🔹 A. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Psychology Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems that mimic human cognitive functions such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language...

  📘 14.1 Computer Applications in Psychology Modern psychology increasingly relies on computer-based tools to collect, analyze, and simulate data about human behavior. From basic testing to advanced brain-computer interfaces, computers have revolutionized both...

  📘 13.4 Communication: Process, Types, and Training Communication is a psychological and social process through which individuals exchange information, ideas, emotions, and intentions using verbal and non-verbal symbols. Understanding the process and types...

  📘 13.3 Theories of Language Development: Skinner vs. Chomsky Language acquisition is a central topic in developmental psychology. Two dominant and contrasting theories were proposed by B.F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky, representing the...

  📘 13.2 Language Acquisition: Predisposition & Critical Period Hypothesis Language acquisition is the process by which humans learn to understand, produce, and use words to communicate. It involves biological, cognitive, and social components....

  📘 13.1 Human Language: Properties, Structure & Hierarchy Language is central to communication, thought, and culture. In psychology, studying human language helps understand cognition, development, learning, and even neurological functioning. 🔹 What is...

  📘 12.7 Changing Others’ Behaviour & Recent Trends Understanding how and why people’s behaviour changes is at the core of applied psychology — relevant for governance, education, public health, marketing, and conflict resolution....

  📘 12.6: Stereotypes, Prejudices & Attribution Theories 🔹 Stereotypes ➤ Definition Stereotypes are generalized and fixed beliefs about members of a particular group, often oversimplified and resistant to change. E.g., “All bureaucrats are...

  📘 12.5 Strategies for Fostering Values Values are deep-seated beliefs about what is right and wrong, desirable or undesirable. Fostering values involves deliberate efforts to cultivate ethical, moral, social, and personal standards in...

  📘 12.4 Theories of Attitude Change Attitude change refers to a shift in a person’s beliefs, feelings, or behavioral intentions toward an object, idea, or person. Understanding how attitudes change is essential for:...

  📘 12.3 Measurement of Attitudes, Values, and Interests 🎯 Why Measure? Understanding how to measure internal psychological constructs like attitudes, values, and interests is crucial in: Behavioral prediction Personnel selection Public opinion research...

  📘 12.2 Components, Formation, and Maintenance of Attitudes 🧩 A. Components of Attitudes Attitudes are multidimensional constructs made up of three interrelated components, often referred to as the ABC model: Component Description Example...

  📘 12.1 Definitions: Attitudes, Values, and Interests 🌀 Attitudes ✅ Definition: An attitude is a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner toward a particular object, person, idea, or...

  📘 11.7 The Notion of Self in Different Traditions The “self” is a central construct in psychology and philosophy, yet it is understood and interpreted differently across cultural, religious, and philosophical traditions. These...

  📘 11.6 Big Five Theory of Personality The Big Five Theory, also known as the Five-Factor Model (FFM), is one of the most empirically validated and universally accepted models in personality psychology. It...

  📘 11.5 Training for Personality Development 🔹 What is Personality Training? Personality training refers to structured efforts and interventions aimed at developing key traits, attitudes, skills, and emotional capacities in individuals to enhance...