Programmed Learning, Probability Learning, Self-Instructional Learning
📘 6.3 Programmed Learning, Probability Learning, Self-Instructional Learning
📌 1. Programmed Learning
Definition:
Programmed learning is a method of self-teaching that uses a specially designed instructional material presented in a logical and sequential order, often with immediate feedback and active learner participation.
Key Features:
- Information is broken into small units (called frames).
- Each frame requires a learner response.
- Immediate reinforcement or correction is provided.
- Can be linear (Skinner) or branching (Crowder).
Example:
- An e-learning module teaching grammar presents a sentence, asks the learner to fill in a word, and immediately gives feedback.
- NCERT’s DIKSHA platform provides lesson sequences with interactive activities—modern version of programmed instruction.
Application:
- Useful for distance learning, remedial teaching, and skill training.
- Effective in standardized learning environments, like training government employees on new policies.
📌 2. Probability Learning
Definition:
Probability learning is a type of learning in which a person learns to make predictions based on the likelihood (probability) of an outcome, rather than certainty.
Key Features:
- Focuses on anticipation and decision-making under uncertainty.
- Reinforcement is partial or intermittent.
- The learner gradually adapts responses based on observed outcomes.
Classic Example:
- In a game where red appears 70% of the time and blue 30%, the optimal strategy is to always pick red—but most learners try to match the exact proportion, choosing red 70% and blue 30%, which is suboptimal.
Real-Life Example:
- Stock traders or poker players use probability learning while making choices under uncertain outcomes.
- A UPSC aspirant giving more time to subjects that are more likely to appear in the exam, based on trend analysis.
Application:
- Helps in risk management, strategic planning, and policy simulation.
- Relevant in AI algorithms that simulate human decision-making.
📌 3. Self-Instructional Learning
Definition:
Self-instructional learning refers to a mode of learning where individuals learn independently using structured materials, guides, or systems without continuous presence of a teacher.
Key Features:
- Encourages self-paced learning.
- Emphasizes goal-setting, monitoring, and self-assessment.
- Often involves study guides, video lectures, open-book resources, and quizzes.
Example:
- A UPSC candidate using a planner, topic-wise videos, and self-quizzes to complete a GS syllabus.
- Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) like Swayam or Coursera promote self-instructional learning.
Application:
- Used in adult education, correspondence courses, online certification programs, and open universities.
- Particularly useful for working professionals and remote learners.
🔄 Comparison Table
| Aspect | Programmed Learning | Probability Learning | Self-Instructional Learning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structure | Highly sequenced | Based on patterns and outcomes | Flexible and learner-led |
| Feedback | Immediate | Intermittent | Self-evaluated |
| Learner Control | Low to moderate | Moderate | High |
| Best For | Concept mastery | Decision-making, pattern recognition | Independent long-term learning |
| Indian Example | DIKSHA modules | CSAT reasoning/trend prediction | UPSC self-study approach |
🎓 UPSC Relevance
- GS Paper IV (Ethics):
- Self-instruction is key in lifelong ethical learning.
- Probability learning can explain biases and rational behaviour in public decision-making.
- Essay Paper:
- “Learning in the 21st Century: From instruction to autonomy.”
- “Predicting without certainty: The psychology of choice.”
✅ Summary Points
- Programmed Learning: Structured, sequenced, teacher-designed content with immediate feedback.
- Probability Learning: Learning to make decisions based on likelihoods rather than certainties.
- Self-Instructional Learning: Learner-driven, flexible, and independent learning process.
✍️ Answer Writing Strategy
- Intro: Define each type briefly.
- Body:
- Use subheadings with definitions, examples, and applications.
- Add comparison table or flowchart.
- Conclusion: Emphasize relevance to modern education and policy training.
