Infrastructure and Investment Models What is Infrastructure? Infrastructure refers to the basic physical and organisational structures necessary for an economy to function efficiently. It acts as the backbone of economic development by facilitating...

  Public Sector Enterprises and Disinvestment Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs) Public Sector Enterprises are companies owned fully or partially by the government. They play a critical role in India’s economic development, especially in strategic...

  Foreign Trade Policy and Trade Agreements What is Foreign Trade Policy (FTP)? The Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) is a comprehensive framework of rules, incentives, and strategies formulated by the Ministry of Commerce and...

  External Sector and Balance of Payments (BoP) What is the External Sector? The external sector refers to a country’s economic interactions with the rest of the world, including trade in goods and services,...

  Fiscal Policy and Government Budgeting What is Fiscal Policy? Fiscal policy refers to the government’s use of taxation, public spending, and borrowing to influence economic growth, employment, and inflation. It’s primarily handled by...

  Monetary Policy and Role of RBI What is Monetary Policy? Monetary policy refers to the process by which the central bank (RBI) manages money supply and interest rates in the economy to achieve...

  Industrial Policy and MSMEs What is Industrial Policy? An Industrial Policy refers to the set of government strategies, policies, and regulations aimed at promoting industrial development, investment, technology upgradation, employment generation, and regional...

Agriculture and Food Management Importance of Agriculture in India Agriculture contributes around 15-18% to India’s GDP but employs nearly 45% of the workforce. It plays a crucial role in food security, rural livelihoods, and...

  Inflation and Business Cycle Inflation Inflation refers to a sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. It reduces the purchasing power...

  Economic Reforms in India – Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG) Background By the early 1990s, India faced a severe economic crisis caused by: High fiscal deficit Low foreign exchange reserves (barely enough to cover...

  Economic Planning in India Economic planning refers to the process where the government sets goals and priorities for economic development and allocates resources accordingly. In India, economic planning played a central role in...

  Economic Systems – Capitalist, Socialist, Mixed Economy An economic system defines how resources are allocated, how goods and services are produced and distributed, and the role of the government in economic decision-making. The...

  Sectors of the Economy – Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary The economy of any country can be divided into different sectors based on the nature of economic activities performed. This classification helps in understanding...

Methods of Calculating National Income National income can be measured using three primary methods: Production Method, Income Method, and Expenditure Method. Each method gives the same result but approaches the calculation from different angles....

  National Income – GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP National income refers to the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country over a specific period, usually a year. It’s a...

  Elasticity of Demand and Supply Elasticity measures how much quantity demanded or supplied responds to a change in price, income, or other factors. It helps policymakers, businesses, and economists understand the sensitivity of...

  Demand and Supply – Market Equilibrium Demand and supply form the foundation of market economics. They determine how prices are set in a free market economy. Demand Demand refers to the quantity of...

Topic 1: Introduction to Economics – Micro and Macro. Introduction to Economics – Micro and Macro What is Economics? Economics is the study of how individuals, businesses, governments, and societies make decisions on allocating...