The Code of Conduct in Indian Civil Services

The Indian Civil Services, the backbone of the administrative machinery in the country, operate under a meticulously defined Code of Conduct. These guidelines are meant to ensure that civil servants uphold the highest standards of integrity, impartiality, and efficiency. Let’s explore this solemn document.

A Code of Ethics is a set of principles that guide the moral and ethical behaviour of individuals within an organization. It is broader and provides a framework for decision-making that reflects the organization’s core values and ethical standards. However, most of the government entities don’t have such document at place.

 

The conduct rules in Indian Civil Services are designed to ensure that civil servants maintain the highest standards of integrity, professionalism, and impartiality in their official duties. Here are some of the key conduct rules along with real examples from Indian bureaucracy:

1. Integrity and Honesty

Rule:

• Civil servants must always act with honesty and integrity in their official dealings.

Example:

• Ashok Khemka: An IAS officer known for his integrity; Ashok Khemka has been transferred numerous times for his anti-corruption efforts. He exposed several land scams and ensured that government land was not misused, demonstrating unwavering honesty despite facing significant personal and professional challenges.

2. Political Neutrality

Rule:

• Civil servants must not participate in political activities or show political bias.

Example:

• T. N. Seshan: As the Chief Election Commissioner of India, T. N. Seshan is remembered for his impartiality and strict enforcement of electoral laws. He took on powerful political entities to ensure free and fair elections, embodying the principle of political neutrality.

3. Confidentiality

Rule:

• Civil servants must maintain the confidentiality of official information.

Example:

• E. Sreedharan: Known as the “Metro Man,” E. Sreedharan maintained confidentiality and integrity while handling sensitive projects like the Delhi Metro. His ability to keep project details secure ensured smooth execution and prevented any potential sabotage.

4. Fairness and Impartiality

Rule:

• Civil servants must act with fairness and without bias in their official duties.

Example:

• Vinod Rai: As the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, Vinod Rai conducted impartial audits that exposed significant financial irregularities in government schemes and projects, including the 2G spectrum allocation and the Commonwealth Games scam.

5. Accountability and Transparency

Rule:

• Civil servants must be accountable for their actions and ensure transparency in their operations.

Example:

• Durga Shakti Nagpal: An IAS officer known for her anti-corruption drive, Durga Shakti Nagpal took on the powerful sand mining mafia in Uttar Pradesh. Her transparent approach and accountability in exposing illegal activities brought significant changes in the region, despite facing suspension and political pressure.

6. Responsiveness to the Public

Rule:

• Civil servants must be responsive to the needs and complaints of the public.

Example:

• Pranjal Patil: India’s first visually impaired woman IAS officer, Pranjal Patil, has been known for her proactive approach in addressing public grievances and ensuring that the administration is responsive and effective in meeting the needs of the people.

7. Personal Conduct

Rule:

• Civil servants must maintain high standards of personal conduct, both in and out of office.

Example:

• Kiran Bedi: As India’s first female IPS officer, Kiran Bedi is known for her discipline and high personal conduct. Her tenure as the Director General of Tihar Jail brought significant reforms in prison management and rehabilitation, reflecting her commitment to maintaining high standards of personal and professional conduct.

8. Avoidance of Conflict of Interest

Rule:

• Civil servants must avoid situations where personal interests conflict with official duties.

Example:

• D. Subbarao: As the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, D. Subbarao maintained strict professional integrity and avoided any conflicts of interest. His decisions were always based on the best interests of the nation’s economy, even if they were unpopular with political leaders.

9. Non-acceptance of Gifts

Rule:

• Civil servants must not accept gifts that could influence their decisions.

Example:

• E. K. Bharat Bhushan: As the Director General of Civil Aviation, E. K. Bharat Bhushan was known for his refusal to accept any gifts or favors from airlines and aviation companies, ensuring that his regulatory decisions were unbiased and in the best interest of public safety.

10. Conduct during Elections

Rule:

• Civil servants must maintain neutrality and uphold the integrity of the electoral process.

Example:

• S. Y. Quraishi: As the Chief Election Commissioner, S. Y. Quraishi ensured that the Election Commission remained neutral and conducted elections with integrity. His tenure saw several reforms that strengthened the electoral process and enhanced voter confidence.

11. Attendance and Punctuality

Rule:

• Civil servants must be punctual and regular in attendance.

Example:

• Rajiv Bansal: Known for his punctuality and regular attendance, Rajiv Bansal, as the Chairman and Managing Director of Air India, led by example, encouraging a culture of discipline and punctuality within the organization.

12. Financial Prudence

Rule:

• Civil servants must ensure judicious use of public funds.

Example:

• Manohar Parrikar: As the Defence Minister of India, Manohar Parrikar was known for his frugality and careful management of defense funds. His efforts in streamlining defense procurement processes and eliminating wasteful expenditures demonstrated financial prudence.

13. Commitment to Work

Rule:

• Civil servants must show dedication and commitment to their work.

Example:

• Ajit Doval: As the National Security Advisor, Ajit Doval’s commitment to national security is unparalleled. His proactive approach and dedication have been instrumental in addressing various security challenges facing the country.

14. Cooperation and Team Spirit

Rule:

• Civil servants must work in cooperation with colleagues and promote team spirit.

Example:

• Sanjeev Kumar Balyan: Known for his collaborative approach, Sanjeev Kumar Balyan, as an officer in the Indian Revenue Service, fostered team spirit and cooperation among his colleagues, which significantly improved the efficiency and morale of his department.

15. Respect for Hierarchy

Rule:

• Civil servants must respect the hierarchy and maintain professional decorum.

Example:

• Sujatha Rao: As the Health Secretary, Sujatha Rao maintained professional decorum and respected the hierarchy, which helped her navigate complex bureaucratic structures and implement important health reforms effectively.

16. Dress Code

Rule:

• Civil servants must dress appropriately and professionally. Once you crack this exam you will receive a letter from president of India and then you will be invited to LBSNAA. LBSNAA will also send you a detailed mail on dress code.   When I received this mail in 2015, it was categorically mentioned to bring ‘Bandhgala,.  This traditional attire is worn on various academic ceremonies

Example:

• Shivraj Patil: Known for his impeccable dressing, Shivraj Patil, as the former Home Minister of India, always maintained a professional appearance, setting an example for others in the civil services.

These conduct rules and examples illustrate the high standards expected from Indian civil servants. While the rules ensure discipline and integrity, real-life examples show how these principles are put into practice, often in challenging circumstances.

 

 

 

The Code of Conduct in Indian Civil Services

The Indian Civil Services, the backbone of the administrative machinery in the country, operate under a meticulously defined Code of Conduct. These guidelines are meant to ensure that civil servants uphold the highest standards of integrity, impartiality, and efficiency. Let’s explore this solemn document.

 

1. Integrity and Honesty: The Golden Rules

• Rule: Always act with honesty and integrity in your official dealings.
• For example: Think of yourself as the Gandalf of government work: “Thou shalt not pass… an opportunity to be honest!” Whether it’s refusing a bribe or returning extra stationery, be the epitome of virtue, even if that means having to use your personal pen because, ironically, there are no more pens in the office.

2. Political Neutrality: The Balancing Act

• Rule: Do not participate in political activities or show political bias.
• For example: Picture yourself as a tightrope walker in a circus. On one side, you have political party A, and on the other, party B. Your job is to make it to the end of the rope without falling into the political pit below. No waving flags, no “likes” on political posts, and definitely no selfies with politicians, unless they come to your daughter’s wedding uninvited.

3. Confidentiality: The Secret Keeper’s Oath

• Rule: Maintain confidentiality of official information.
• For example: You’re now a James Bond of the bureaucracy. Your mantra? “The first rule of Confidential Club is: You do not talk about Confidential Club.” Guard those files and memos like they are the secret recipe for your grandma’s special biryani. Even if someone offers you your favorite street food, keep your lips sealed tighter than the Tupperware your mom insists you use.

4. Fairness and Impartiality: The Judge Dredd Standard

• Rule: Act with fairness and without bias.
• For example: Imagine you’re hosting a reality show where every contestant, even the one who thinks they can sing but can’t, gets a fair shot. When you’re deciding on tenders or promotions, be as unbiased as a judge who has to pick the winner between a cat and a dog. Remember, favoritism is like pineapple on pizza – it’s controversial and best avoided in public.

5. Accountability and Transparency: The Crystal-Clear Commandments

• Rule: Be accountable for your actions and ensure transparency in your operations.
• For example: Think of yourself as the protagonist of a reality TV show where everything you do is under the scrutiny of the ever-watchful public eye. You can’t just sneak out of the office early and hope no one noticed. Keep your books open, your records straight, and your stories consistent. After all, even Big Boss wouldn’t tolerate cooked books.

6. Responsiveness to the Public: The Customer Service Guru

• Rule: Be responsive to the needs and complaints of the public.
• For example: You’re now a call centre operator, but with more power and fewer scripted responses. When someone comes to you with a problem, don’t just say, “Your call is important to us.” Act on it like it’s the finale of a talent show and the audience is waiting with bated breath. Be as attentive as a waiter at a fine dining restaurant who knows their tip depends on it.

7. Personal Conduct: The Saintly Syllabus

• Rule: Maintain high standards of personal conduct, both in and out of office.
• For example: Imagine you’re a celebrity whose every move is tracked by the paparazzi. Got caught littering? That’s a headline. Used office hours to do your shopping? Tabloid scandal. Always act like you’re on camera – because in the world of civil services, you basically are.

8. Avoidance of Conflict of Interest: The Double-Agent Dilemma

• Rule: Avoid situations where personal interests conflict with official duties.
• For example: You’re a double agent in a spy thriller. Except, instead of international espionage, you’re managing tender approvals and vendor contracts. Keep your personal and professional lives as separate as your laundry – whites and colors don’t mix well.

9. Non-acceptance of Gifts: The Santa Clause Exception

• Rule: Do not accept gifts that could influence your decisions.
• For example: Think of yourself as Santa Claus, but instead of giving gifts, you’re avoiding them. If someone offers you a gift, imagine it’s wrapped in radioactive material. Politely decline with a smile and the conviction of someone who’s allergic to bribery – and to whatever food item is being gifted during festive seasons.

10. Conduct during Elections: The Poll Position Protocol

• Rule: Maintain neutrality and uphold the integrity of the electoral process.
• For example: During elections, become as neutral as Switzerland. If you must express an opinion, make it about the weather or the latest cricket match. Be as non-partisan as an umpire who’s just here to call the balls and strikes, not to bat for any team.

11. Attendance and Punctuality: The Clock Watcher’s Creed

• Rule: Be punctual and regular in attendance.
• For example: Channel your inner timekeeper. If the office opens at 9 AM, don’t show up at 10:30 AM with an excuse involving your neighbor’s cat. Treat your office entry like the start of a marathon – be ready, be set, and go on time!

12. Financial Prudence: The Fiscal Fortress

• Rule: Ensure judicious use of public funds.
• For example: Handle the budget like you’re managing your own pocket money. Avoid the temptation to splurge on a fancy new office chair when the old one still holds up. Think of every expense as coming out of your personal savings – the stingier, the better!

13. Commitment to Work: The Taskmaster’s Tenet

• Rule: Show dedication and commitment to your work.
• For example: Imagine you’re competing in a reality TV show where the prize is the satisfaction of a job well done (and maybe a certificate of appreciation). Don’t just do your job; do it with the enthusiasm of a kid opening birthday presents.

14. Cooperation and Team Spirit: The All-for-One Attitude

• Rule: Work in cooperation with colleagues and promote team spirit.
• For example: Think of your office as a sports team where everyone has to play together to win. If your colleague is the goalie, don’t try to score goals for your own team. Pass the ball, assist, and cheer them on like you’re the team captain aiming for the championship.

15. Respect for Hierarchy: The Ladder of Respect

• Rule: Respect the hierarchy and maintain professional decorum.
• For example: Treat your office hierarchy like a ladder – don’t try to skip steps or climb over someone’s head. If your boss calls for a meeting, don’t pretend to be too busy (even if you’re caught up in an intense game of Solitaire).

16. Dress Code: The Sartorial Scribe

• Rule: Dress appropriately and professionally.
• For example: Imagine you’re attending a wedding where the bride is the government and you’re the best man. Dress to impress, not like you’re heading to a beach party. No flip-flops, no Hawaiian shirts, and definitely no pajamas – unless it’s Pajama Day, which, in government offices, doesn’t exist.

 

 

CONDUCT RULES

The conduct rules for Indian civil servants are outlined in the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964, and the All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968. These rules are designed to ensure that civil servants maintain the highest standards of integrity, professionalism, and impartiality. Here is a list of key conduct rules from both sets of regulations:

Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964

1. Rule 3 – General Conduct:
   • Maintain absolute integrity and devotion to duty.
   • Do nothing unbecoming of a government servant.
2. Rule 3A – Prohibition of Sexual Harassment of Working Women:
   • No government servant shall engage in any act of sexual harassment.
3. Rule 4 – Employment of Near Relatives:
   • Do not employ a near relative in the service under their control.
4. Rule 5 – Taking Part in Politics and Elections:
   • Refrain from participating in politics and elections.
5. Rule 6 – Joining of Associations:
   • Do not join associations that are not compatible with the duties of a government servant.
6. Rule 7 – Demonstrations and Strikes:
   • Do not participate in any form of strike or coercive measures.
7. Rule 8 – Connection with Press or Other Media:
   • Refrain from unauthorized communication with the press or other media.
8. Rule 9 – Criticism of Government:
   • Do not criticize the policies or actions of the government.
9. Rule 10 – Evidence before Committees or Any Other Authority:
   • Do not give evidence in any enquiry without prior approval.
10. Rule 11 – Unauthorized Communication of Information:
    • Maintain confidentiality of official information.
11. Rule 12 – Subscriptions:
    • Do not ask for or accept subscriptions for any cause or purpose.
12. Rule 13 – Gifts:
    • Do not accept or give gifts that could influence official duties.
13. Rule 14 – Public Demonstrations in Honour of Government Servants:
    • Avoid public demonstrations in their honour.
14. Rule 15 – Private Trade or Employment:
    • Refrain from engaging in any trade, business, or additional employment.
15. Rule 16 – Investments, Lending, and Borrowing:
    • Avoid speculative investments and ensure financial dealings do not conflict with duties.
16. Rule 17 – Insolvency and Habitual Indebtedness:
    • Avoid situations that may lead to insolvency or habitual indebtedness.
17. Rule 18 – Movable, Immovable, and Valuable Property:
    • Declare assets and liabilities periodically.
18. Rule 19 – Vindication of Acts and Character of Government Servants:
    • Seek prior approval before initiating any legal action for vindication of official acts.
19. Rule 20 – Canvassing of Non-official or Other Influence:
    • Do not seek the influence of non-official or other persons for personal benefits.
20. Rule 21 – Bigamous Marriages:
    • Do not contract a bigamous marriage.
21. Rule 22 – Consumption of Intoxicating Drinks and Drugs:
    • Avoid consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs in a manner that affects official duties.

All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968

1. Rule 3 – General Conduct:
   • Maintain integrity, dedication to duty, and high ethical standards.
2. Rule 3A – Prohibition of Sexual Harassment of Working Women:
   • Prohibit any form of sexual harassment in the workplace.
3. Rule 4 – Employment of Near Relatives:
   • Do not employ near relatives in service under their control.
4. Rule 5 – Taking Part in Politics and Elections:
   • Abstain from participating in political activities.
5. Rule 6 – Joining of Associations:
   • Avoid joining associations that are not aligned with service duties.
6. Rule 7 – Demonstrations and Strikes:
   • Do not participate in strikes or any form of protest.
7. Rule 8 – Connection with Press or Other Media:
   • Refrain from unauthorized communication with the media.
8. Rule 9 – Criticism of Government:
   • Avoid criticizing the government in public.
9. Rule 10 – Evidence before Committees or Any Other Authority:
   • Seek prior approval before giving evidence in any investigation.
10. Rule 11 – Communication of Official Information:
    • Ensure confidentiality of official information.
11. Rule 12 – Gifts:
    • Do not accept or give gifts that may compromise official duties.
12. Rule 13 – Public Demonstrations in Honour of Members of the Service:
    • Avoid public demonstrations in their honour.
13. Rule 14 – Private Trade or Employment:
    • Do not engage in private trade, business, or additional employment.
14. Rule 15 – Investments, Lending, and Borrowing:
    • Avoid speculative financial dealings.
15. Rule 16 – Insolvency and Habitual Indebtedness:
    • Prevent circumstances leading to insolvency or habitual indebtedness.
16. Rule 17 – Movable, Immovable, and Valuable Property:
    • Declare assets and liabilities regularly.
17. Rule 18 – Vindication of Acts and Character:
    • Seek approval before initiating legal action for vindication.
18. Rule 19 – Canvassing of Non-official or Other Influence:
    • Avoid seeking non-official influence for personal gains.
19. Rule 20 – Bigamous Marriages:
    • Do not engage in bigamous marriages.
20. Rule 21 – Consumption of Intoxicating Drinks and Drugs:
    • Refrain from consuming intoxicants that affect official performance.

These rules ensure that civil servants maintain the highest standards of ethical behavior, professionalism, and dedication to their duties, fostering trust and efficiency in public administration.

 

 

Q: Today we find that in spite of various measures like prescribing codes of conduct, setting up vigilance cells/commissions, RTI, active media and strengthening of legal mechanisms, corrupt practices are not coming under control. A) Evaluate the effectiveness of these measures with justifications. B) Suggest more effective strategies to tackle this menace. (2015/10 Marks)

Answer: A) Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Existing Measures

1. Codes of Conduct
   • Effectiveness: Codes of conduct establish clear guidelines for behavior and accountability among public servants. They are foundational to ethical governance.
   • Justifications: While codes of conduct are essential, they often lack enforcement mechanisms. Violations can go unchecked if there are no stringent penalties or if oversight is weak. For example, the existence of these codes has not deterred high-profile corruption cases, indicating that rules alone are insufficient without proper enforcement.
2. Vigilance Cells/Commissions
   • Effectiveness: Vigilance cells and commissions like the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) are crucial for monitoring and investigating corruption.
   • Justifications: These bodies often suffer from resource constraints and lack of independence. Political interference can hinder their effectiveness. For instance, despite the CVC’s efforts, many corruption cases remain unresolved due to slow judicial processes and lack of prosecutorial power.
3. Right to Information (RTI) Act
   • Effectiveness: The RTI Act empowers citizens to access information held by public authorities, promoting transparency and accountability.
   • Justifications: While RTI has been a powerful tool for uncovering corruption, its effectiveness is limited by bureaucratic delays, incomplete disclosures, and threats to activists. High-profile cases where information is denied on flimsy grounds show that implementation can be inconsistent.
4. Active Media
   • Effectiveness: An active media plays a watchdog role, exposing corruption and holding officials accountable.
   • Justifications: The media’s effectiveness can be compromised by political and corporate pressures. Instances of media houses succumbing to these pressures or engaging in sensationalism rather than investigative journalism undermine their role.
5. Strengthening Legal Mechanisms
   • Effectiveness: Legal reforms and anti-corruption laws like the Prevention of Corruption Act are vital for deterring corruption.
   • Justifications: The judicial system’s backlog and slow pace, combined with legal loopholes and powerful influences, often delay justice. High acquittal rates and long trial durations reduce the deterrent effect of these laws.

1. B) More Effective Strategies to Tackle Corruption

1. Strengthening Institutional Frameworks
   • Independent Anti-Corruption Bodies: Establish truly independent anti-corruption agencies with prosecutorial powers and protection from political interference.
   • Example: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas need to be empowered and made operational with sufficient resources and autonomy.
2. Judicial Reforms
   • Fast-Track Courts: Set up special fast-track courts for corruption cases to ensure timely justice.
   • Example: Similar to the fast-track courts for sexual harassment cases, dedicated anti-corruption courts can expedite hearings and judgments.
3. Technology and E-Governance
   • Digital Transparency: Implement comprehensive e-governance solutions to reduce human discretion and enhance transparency.
   • Example: Aadhaar-linked public distribution systems have reduced pilferage in welfare schemes by ensuring direct benefit transfers.
4. Public Participation and Social Audits
   • Community Monitoring: Involve citizens and civil society in monitoring government projects and expenditures through social audits.
   • Example: The success of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) audits in certain states shows the potential of community oversight.
5. Protection for Whistleblowers
   • Whistleblower Protection: Enforce strong laws to protect whistleblowers from retaliation and ensure anonymity.
   • Example: Strengthen the Whistleblowers Protection Act and ensure its robust implementation to encourage reporting of corrupt practices.
6. Transparency in Political Funding
   • Electoral Reforms: Ensure greater transparency in political funding and reduce the influence of money in politics.
   • Example: Mandate public disclosure of all political donations and introduce state funding for elections to curb illicit financial flows.
7. Enhanced Accountability Mechanisms
   • Performance Audits: Regular performance audits of government schemes and departments by independent agencies.
   • Example: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) can be empowered to conduct more frequent and comprehensive audits with actionable recommendations.
8. Educational and Ethical Training
   • Ethics Training: Incorporate ethics and integrity training in the curriculum for civil servants and public officials.
   • Example: Regular workshops and training sessions on ethical behavior, conflict of interest, and integrity management for all levels of public servants.
9. Collaborative Efforts
   • Inter-Agency Coordination: Foster better coordination between various anti-corruption agencies and law enforcement bodies.
   • Example: Create a centralized database to track corruption cases and ensure seamless information sharing among agencies like the CVC, CBI, and state anti-corruption bureaus.

Conclusion

While existing measures have laid the groundwork for tackling corruption, their effectiveness is often hampered by implementation gaps, lack of resources, and political interference. By adopting a multi-faceted approach that includes strengthening institutional frameworks, leveraging technology, encouraging public participation, protecting whistleblowers, and ensuring transparency in political funding, India can significantly enhance its fight against corruption. These strategies will not only help in curbing corrupt practices but also restore public trust in the governance system.

 

 

 

 

Q: Discuss the Public Services Code as recommended by the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission. (2016/10 Marks)

Answer: Public Services Code as Recommended by the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission

The 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC), chaired by Veerappa Moily, was set up to propose measures to improve public administration in India. One of its key recommendations was the introduction of a Public Services Code to ensure higher standards of ethical behaviour and accountability among public servants. Here is a detailed discussion on the Public Services Code recommended by the 2nd ARC:

Objectives of the Public Services Code

1. Promote Integrity and Accountability
   • Establish a framework for ethical behaviour, integrity, and accountability in public service.
   • Ensure public servants perform their duties with honesty, transparency, and responsibility.
2. Enhance Professionalism and Efficiency
   • Encourage a professional and efficient approach to public administration.
   • Foster a culture of excellence and meritocracy.
3. Ensure Impartiality and Fairness
   • Promote impartiality and fairness in decision-making processes.
   • Ensure that public servants act without bias or prejudice.
4. Improve Public Trust and Confidence
   • Strengthen public trust in government institutions and services.
   • Enhance the credibility of public servants.

 

Key Elements of the Public Services Code

1. Integrity
   • Public servants should uphold the highest standards of integrity, avoiding any actions that could bring disrepute to the service.
   • Example: Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer, is renowned for his integrity in exposing land scams despite facing numerous transfers and challenges.
2. Objectivity
   • Decisions should be made impartially, based on merit and without any bias.
   • Example: T. N. Seshan, as Chief Election Commissioner, was known for his objective and impartial conduct during elections.
3. Accountability
   • Public servants should be accountable for their actions and decisions to the public and higher authorities.
   • Example: Vinod Rai, as the Comptroller and Auditor General, held various public institutions accountable through rigorous audits.
4. Openness
   • Public servants should be transparent in their actions and decisions, providing clear and accessible information.
   • Example: The Right to Information (RTI) Act has empowered citizens to seek transparency from public servants.
5. Honesty
   • Public servants should be honest in their dealings and avoid any form of deceit or corruption.
   • Example: Durga Shakti Nagpal, an IAS officer, took a strong stand against illegal sand mining, demonstrating honesty and courage.
6. Leadership
   • Public servants should lead by example, inspiring others through their conduct and dedication.
   • Example: Kiran Bedi, India’s first female IPS officer, set a high standard of leadership and reform in the police force.
7. Respect
   • Public servants should treat colleagues, subordinates, and the public with respect and dignity.
   • Example: E. Sreedharan, known as the “Metro Man,” maintained respectful and effective communication with his team and the public.
8. Impartiality
   • Public servants should act impartially, avoiding favouritism or discrimination.
   • Example: Ajit Doval, as National Security Advisor, is known for his impartial approach to national security issues.

 

Implementation Mechanisms

1. Training and Capacity Building
   • Regular training programs and workshops on ethical behaviour, integrity, and the Public Services Code.
   • Example: Ethics training modules incorporated into civil service training curricula.
2. Monitoring and Evaluation
   • Establish mechanisms for regular monitoring and evaluation of adherence to the Public Services Code.
   • Example: Periodic performance appraisals and ethical audits.
3. Whistleblower Protection
   • Ensure protection for whistleblowers who expose unethical behavior or corruption.
   • Example: Strengthening the Whistleblower Protection Act to provide robust safeguards.
4. Public Awareness
   • Increase public awareness about the standards expected of public servants and the avenues available for redressal.
   • Example: Information campaigns and public service announcements.
5. Legal and Disciplinary Measures
   • Implement legal and disciplinary measures for violations of the Public Services Code.
   • Example: Clear guidelines for disciplinary action against public servants found guilty of misconduct.

Conclusion

The Public Services Code recommended by the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission aims to foster a culture of integrity, accountability, and professionalism among public servants. By promoting ethical behavior and ensuring adherence to high standards, the Code seeks to enhance public trust and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration. The implementation of this Code, along with supportive measures like training, monitoring, and legal safeguards, is crucial for building a transparent and accountable governance system in India.

 

 

 

 

Q: Discipline generally implies following the order and subordination. However, it may be counter-productive for the organisation. Discuss. (2017/10 Marks)

Answer: Discipline in Organizations: Balancing Order and Productivity

Discipline within an organization generally implies adherence to rules, procedures, and a hierarchical structure of authority. While discipline is essential for maintaining order, ensuring compliance, and achieving organizational goals, it can sometimes be counter-productive. This dichotomy arises from the potential rigidity and inflexibility that excessive discipline can introduce. Here’s a detailed discussion on how discipline can both support and hinder organizational effectiveness, with examples and insights.

Positive Aspects of Discipline in Organizations

1. Maintains Order and Stability
   • Consistency: Discipline ensures that employees follow established procedures and protocols, leading to consistent performance and predictable outcomes.
   • Example: In the armed forces, strict discipline is crucial for maintaining order during operations, ensuring that all personnel act in a coordinated and predictable manner.
2. Enhances Efficiency and Productivity
   • Task Completion: With clear rules and expectations, employees can focus on their tasks without ambiguity, leading to higher efficiency and productivity.
   • Example: In manufacturing, disciplined adherence to safety protocols and production procedures ensures smooth operations and minimizes accidents.
3. Fosters Accountability
   • Responsibility: Discipline promotes a culture of accountability where employees are aware of their responsibilities and the consequences of not meeting them.
   • Example: In the financial sector, disciplined adherence to compliance and regulatory standards helps in preventing fraud and ensuring financial stability.
4. Supports Goal Achievement
   • Alignment: Disciplined practices align individual actions with organizational goals, ensuring that everyone works towards a common objective.
   • Example: In project management, disciplined adherence to timelines and milestones ensures that projects are completed on time and within budget.

Negative Aspects of Excessive Discipline

1. Stifles Creativity and Innovation
   • Rigidity: Excessive discipline can create a rigid environment where employees feel constrained by rules and unable to explore new ideas.
   • Example: In creative industries like advertising or software development, overly strict rules can limit brainstorming sessions and the development of innovative solutions.
2. Reduces Employee Morale and Motivation
   • Autonomy: When employees are micromanaged and given little autonomy, their job satisfaction and motivation can decline.
   • Example: In organizations with a highly hierarchical structure, employees may feel undervalued and disengaged, leading to higher turnover rates.
3. Hinders Flexibility and Adaptability
   • Inflexibility: Organizations with strict disciplinary measures may struggle to adapt to changes in the market or industry because employees are not encouraged to think outside the box.
   • Example: Traditional retail companies with rigid policies might find it difficult to pivot to e-commerce or adapt to new consumer trends.
4. Promotes a Culture of Fear
   • Punishment: If discipline is enforced through fear of punishment rather than through positive reinforcement, it can create a toxic work environment.
   • Example: In workplaces where employees are constantly afraid of making mistakes due to harsh disciplinary measures, there is a risk of reduced transparency and increased cover-ups.

 

Balancing Discipline with Flexibility

To harness the benefits of discipline while mitigating its drawbacks, organizations should aim for a balanced approach. Here are some strategies to achieve this balance:

1. Encourage Open Communication
   • Feedback Mechanisms: Implement channels for open communication where employees can provide feedback on rules and suggest improvements.
   • Example: Regular town hall meetings or anonymous suggestion boxes can help gather employee input and foster a culture of inclusivity.
2. Promote Autonomy within Boundaries
   • Empowerment: Allow employees the autonomy to make decisions within a defined framework, promoting a sense of ownership and responsibility.
   • Example: Google’s “20% time” policy allows employees to spend 20% of their work time on projects they are passionate about, fostering innovation while maintaining overall productivity.
3. Foster a Positive Work Environment
   • Positive Reinforcement: Use positive reinforcement, such as rewards and recognition, to encourage disciplined behaviour rather than relying solely on punitive measures.
   • Example: Employee recognition programs that celebrate adherence to safety protocols or outstanding performance can boost morale and motivation.
4. Adaptability and Continuous Improvement
   • Flexibility: Encourage a culture of continuous improvement where rules and procedures are regularly reviewed and updated based on feedback and changing circumstances.
   • Example: Agile methodologies in project management promote iterative development and flexibility, allowing teams to adapt to changes quickly.
5. Leadership by Example
   • Role Models: Leaders should exemplify the balance between discipline and flexibility, showing that it is possible to be both structured and adaptable.
   • Example: Leaders who are approachable, open to feedback, and willing to make adjustments based on team input set a positive example for the rest of the organization.

Conclusion

Discipline is a critical component of organizational success, ensuring order, accountability, and goal alignment. However, excessive discipline can stifle creativity, reduce morale, and hinder adaptability. By fostering open communication, promoting autonomy, and encouraging positive reinforcement, organizations can strike a balance that harnesses the benefits of discipline while maintaining a flexible and dynamic work environment. This balanced approach not only enhances productivity but also fosters innovation and employee satisfaction, driving long-term organizational success.

 

 

 

 

Q: Distinguish between “Code of ethics” and “Code of conduct” with suitable examples. (2018/10 Marks)

Answer: Distinguishing Between Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct

Both the “Code of Ethics” and “Code of Conduct” are critical in guiding the behaviour and actions of individuals within an organization, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics. Here’s a detailed comparison with suitable examples:

Code of Ethics

Definition:

• A Code of Ethics is a set of principles that guide the moral and ethical behaviour of individuals within an organization. It is broader and provides a framework for decision-making that reflects the organization’s core values and ethical standards.

Characteristics:

• Principle-Based: Focuses on broader ethical principles.
• Guidance-Oriented: Provides a moral compass for behaviour and decision-making.
• Aspirational: Reflects the values and aspirations of the organization.
• Non-Enforceable: More about guiding behaviour than enforcing specific rules.

Example:

• American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics:
  • Principles: “A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights.”
  • Ethical Guidance: “A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard patient confidences and privacy within the constraints of the law.”

 

Code of Conduct

Definition:

• A Code of Conduct is a set of rules and standards that outline specific behaviours expected from individuals within an organization. It is more detailed and prescriptive, focusing on compliance and enforcement.

Characteristics:

• Rule-Based: Focuses on specific rules and standards.
• Compliance-Oriented: Emphasizes adherence to specific behaviours and practices.
• Prescriptive: Provides detailed guidelines on acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.
• Enforceable: Can be enforced through disciplinary measures.

Example:

• Google’s Code of Conduct:
  • Rules: “Avoid conflicts of interest. Ensure your personal interests don’t interfere with your ability to make sound, impartial business decisions.”
  • Specific Behaviours: “Do not engage in activities that compete with Google. Do not use Google property for personal gain or non-Google activities.”

Key Differences

1. Scope and Focus:
   • Code of Ethics: Broad and principle-based, focusing on overarching ethical standards.
   • Code of Conduct: Specific and rule-based, focusing on detailed behavioural expectations.
2. Purpose:
   • Code of Ethics: Guides moral and ethical decision-making.
   • Code of Conduct: Provides concrete rules and standards for behaviour.
3. Nature:
   • Code of Ethics: Aspirational and non-enforceable.
   • Code of Conduct: Prescriptive and enforceable.
4. Application:
   • Code of Ethics: Applies to broader ethical dilemmas and decisions.
   • Code of Conduct: Applies to everyday behaviour and compliance.

 

 

Detailed Examples

Code of Ethics Example:

International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants:

• Principle: Integrity, objectivity, professional competence, confidentiality, and professional behaviour.
• Guidance: Accountants should act with integrity, avoid conflicts of interest, maintain confidentiality, and act professionally.

Code of Conduct Example:

Infosys Code of Conduct:

• Rules: “Employees shall not accept gifts from vendors or clients unless nominal and infrequent.”
• Specific Behaviours: “Employees must report any actual or potential conflicts of interest to their supervisors or the ethics office.”

Conclusion

While both the Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct are vital in guiding the behavior of individuals within an organization, they serve distinct purposes. The Code of Ethics provides a broad ethical framework and aspirational principles, while the Code of Conduct sets specific, enforceable rules and standards for behavior. Understanding these differences helps organizations create comprehensive guidelines that support ethical decision-making and ensure compliance with organizational standards.

 

 

 

“Madras Cafe” (2013):

Example: John Abraham plays an Indian intelligence officer who adheres to the conduct rules of intelligence operations during a covert mission in Sri Lanka. His character upholds national security ethics, maintaining secrecy and confidentiality despite personal risks.

 

Case Study

Arun Kumar, an IAS officer, is the District Collector of a coastal district prone to frequent cyclones. During one such cyclone, relief funds are allocated by the state government for the immediate rehabilitation of affected people. Arun is responsible for overseeing the distribution of these funds and ensuring that the relief materials reach the most vulnerable sections of society.

However, a local politician, who is a powerful figure in the district, pressures Arun to divert a portion of these funds to non-eligible individuals who are close associates of the politician. The politician warns Arun that failure to comply might have serious political and career consequences. Additionally, Arun is aware of widespread corruption within the relief distribution system, with several lower-level officials accepting bribes to divert resources.

Arun is caught in a difficult situation. He must choose between following the Civil Service Conduct Rules, which emphasize integrity, impartiality, and accountability, and yielding to political pressure to safeguard his career and avoid potential backlash. The media is also closely monitoring the relief efforts, and any mismanagement could severely damage public trust.

Ethical Dilemma:

Arun faces a conflict between:

• Upholding the Civil Service Conduct Rules, ensuring that relief funds are distributed fairly and justly, and refusing to yield to political pressure.
• Yielding to the Politician’s Demand, which would protect him from potential political retribution but would compromise his integrity and violate civil service rules.

Stakeholders:

1. Arun Kumar (District Collector): The main decision-maker responsible for the fair distribution of relief funds.
2. Local Politician: Pressuring Arun to divert funds for personal gains.
3. Affected Citizens: The vulnerable population depending on relief for survival.
4. Lower-Level Officials: Engaged in corrupt practices during the relief distribution.
5. Media and Civil Society: Monitoring the administration’s handling of relief efforts and holding the government accountable.
6. State Government: Expecting timely and fair relief distribution while maintaining public trust.

Question 1: What are the alternatives available to Arun Kumar?

1. Follow the Politician’s Demand:
   • Pros: Protects Arun’s career from potential political retaliation, and he avoids immediate conflict with powerful figures in the district.
   • Cons: Violates civil service conduct rules, compromises public trust, and perpetuates corruption. The most vulnerable citizens may be deprived of relief.
2. Strictly Adhere to Civil Service Conduct Rules:
   • Pros: Ensures transparency, fairness, and integrity in the distribution of relief funds. Upholds the principles of public service, maintains public trust, and protects the rights of the vulnerable.
   • Cons: May result in political backlash, risking Arun’s future postings and career growth. He could face pressure or threats from powerful figures in the district.
3. Report the Corruption and Seek Higher Authority’s Intervention:
   • Pros: Brings attention to the corruption within the relief distribution process and ensures that corrective actions are taken. Engages higher authorities to prevent political interference.
   • Cons: This could lead to delays in relief distribution and increase tensions in the district. It might also lead to political isolation for Arun if higher authorities are influenced by local politicians.
4. Find a Compromise:
   • Pros: Avoids direct conflict with the politician while still ensuring that some portion of the funds is distributed to the vulnerable population.
   • Cons: Compromises Arun’s integrity and violates civil service rules. Does not fully resolve the corruption issue and may weaken his ethical standing.

Question 2: What is the best alternative?

The best alternative is to strictly adhere to the Civil Service Conduct Rules and ensure fair and transparent distribution of relief funds. Arun should also report the ongoing corruption in the relief distribution system to higher authorities to address the issue in a holistic manner.

Solution:

Arun Kumar must maintain his commitment to the Civil Service Conduct Rules, which emphasize integrity, accountability, transparency, and impartiality. By adhering to these rules, he will ensure that the relief funds reach those most in need, without favoritism or political influence.

Steps to Implement the Solution:

1. Ensure Transparency and Fairness: Arun should strictly follow the legal procedures for the distribution of relief funds, ensuring that the process is transparent and that all eligible citizens receive their due share.
2. Refuse Political Pressure: Arun should diplomatically refuse the politician’s demand, making it clear that as a civil servant, his responsibility is to the people, and he is bound by the rules of conduct. He can politely explain that diverting funds is illegal and unethical.
3. Address Corruption in Relief Distribution: Arun should take immediate steps to identify and address the corruption within the relief distribution system. This could involve setting up a complaint redressal mechanism where citizens can report corruption or irregularities.
4. Engage Media and Civil Society: Arun should involve the media and civil society organizations in monitoring the relief distribution process. This will increase transparency and make it harder for corrupt elements to manipulate the system.
5. Seek Support from Higher Authorities: If the situation escalates, Arun should report the political interference and corruption to higher authorities. This will help protect him from political pressure and ensure that the relief process remains fair.

Justification:

By adhering to the Civil Service Conduct Rules, Arun Kumar not only upholds the core values of integrity, impartiality, and accountability but also ensures that the relief funds are distributed fairly to the vulnerable population. Refusing political interference and addressing corruption will restore public trust and strengthen the administration’s credibility. Although he may face political backlash, Arun’s commitment to ethical governance and public welfare will ultimately serve the larger good of society.

This solution reflects the ethical responsibility of civil servants to remain accountable to the public, resist undue pressure, and act in the best interest of the people they serve.

 

 

Practice Questions on Code of Conduct for UPSC Ethics Paper:

 

 

Practice Q

1. What is the significance of a Code of Conduct in ensuring ethical behaviour among civil servants? Discuss its role in maintaining integrity and transparency in public administration.
2. Explain how the Code of Conduct can help prevent conflicts of interest in public service. Provide examples of situations where adherence to the Code of Conduct is crucial.
3. What are the key differences between a Code of Conduct and a Code of Ethics in public administration? Discuss how both complement each other in promoting ethical governance.
4. “A civil servant must remain politically neutral while ensuring responsiveness to public needs.” In light of this statement, analyse the importance of political neutrality as a component of the Code of Conduct.

 

Glossary

1. Code of Conduct: A set of guidelines and rules that outline the expected behavior and responsibilities of individuals in an organization, ensuring they act with integrity, transparency, and professionalism.
2. Code of Ethics: A broader framework of moral principles and values that guide individuals in making decisions based on ethical considerations, focusing on integrity, fairness, and respect for public interest.
3. Responsiveness: The ability of civil servants or public officials to address the needs, concerns, and expectations of citizens promptly and effectively, ensuring public services are delivered efficiently.
4. Political Neutrality: The principle that civil servants must remain impartial and unbiased in their actions and decisions, regardless of their personal political views, ensuring fairness and equal treatment for all citizens.