Describe Anglo Sikh Wars
Title: The Anglo Sikh Wars: A Comprehensive Guide for UPSC Aspirants
As UPSC aspirants, understanding Indian history, its transitions, and crucial events such as the Anglo Sikh Wars, forms an integral part of the preparation. This article delves deep into the historical events referred to as the Anglo Sikh Wars, providing precise and relevant information required for the UPSC examination.
The Anglo Sikh Wars were two pivotal wars that took place between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company. The first was from 1845 to 1846 and the Second, from 1848 to 1849.
**First Anglo Sikh War (1845-1846):**
1. **Reasons for the War:** Instability in the Sikh Empire post-Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s death, the political struggle within the Sikh Court and aggressive expansionist policies of the British East India Company, were the primary reasons for the outbreak.
2. **Major Battles:** Four major battles were fought in this war – Battle of Mudki, Battle of Ferozeshah, Battle of Baddowal and Battle of Aliwal & Sobraon.
3. **Outcome and Treaty of Lahore:** The war ended with British victory and the Treaty of Lahore on March 9, 1846. As per this, the Sikhs had to surrender the region between the Beas and Sutlej to the British. The Punjab region was also placed under the Company’s protection.
**Second Anglo Sikh War (1848-1849):**
1. **Reasons for War:** The inequitable Treaty of Lahore, annexation of Punjab and British interference in internal matters triggered this war.
2. **Major Battles:** The key battles were fought at Ramnagar, Chillianwala and Gujrat.
3. **Outcome and Treaty of Lahore (1849):** This marked the British victory against Sikhs, leading to the annexation of Punjab into British India. The East India Company took complete control over Punjab under the revised Treaty of Lahore in 1849.
**Impact of the Anglo Sikh Wars:**
1. **Fall of the Sikh Empire:** The British defeat ended the Sikh Empire making it a part of British India.
2. **Introduction of New Administration:** The British implemented significant administrative changes, introducing modern western concepts of administration and governance.
3. **Strengthened British Hold:** The annexation of Punjab further strengthened the British control over India, marking the end of independent power centres.
In conclusion, the Anglo Sikh Wars were landmark events in the history of Sikh rulers’ valiant attempt to resist British imperialistic designs. These wars have significant historical value and require a detailed understanding for UPSC aspirants. The complexity of these wars, players involved, treaties signed and their impact, present rich material for study. Further, they help gain an understanding of the British geopolitical approach and their strategies in expanding their rule over the Indian subcontinent.
Maintaining a focus on the major points, battle strategies and ultimate outcomes can enable you to answer any question related to the topic during the Civil Services Examination. Continue diving deep into historical events to widen your horizon and enrich your UPSC preparation journey.
